The Hierarchy of Respect: A Blueprint for Ritual Demeanor at Court

The Compilers described Confucius at court: frank with lower officers, measured with higher officers, and reverently composed in the ruler’s presence.

When he was waiting at court, in speaking with the great officers of the lower grade, he spoke freely, but in a straightforward manner; in speaking with those of the higher grade, he did so blandly, but precisely. When the ruler was present, his manner displayed respectful uneasiness; it was grave, but self-possessed.

朝,与下大夫言,侃侃如也;与上大夫言,誾誾如也。君在,踧踖如也。与与如也。

Source: The Analects, Xiang Dang X, Chapter 2

Author: The Compilers

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