The Ladder of Knowing: Confucius Maps the Four Levels of Human Understanding

Confucius said: “Four kinds of people: born knowing, learn to know, learn through hardship, and, even in hardship, refuse to learn.”

The highest are those with intuitive grasp. Next are those who learn through study. Then, those who learn through adversity. Those who, even in adversity, do not learn, cease to progress.

生而知之者,上也;学而知之者,次也;困而学之,又其次也;困而不学,民斯为下矣。

Source: The Analects, Ji Shi XVI, Chapter 9

Author: Confucius

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